Many lobbyists identify themselves as hardline Confucianists or staunch cultural revivalists. Confucian groups have become increasingly confident as the government has given official patronage to their religion and thrown its weight behind so-called cultural confidence policies. To commemorate the birthday of Confucius on Sept. 28 this year, some prominent Confucian scholars preemptively wrote about boycotting Christmas on WeChat and other social media platforms, arguing in favor of renaming the festival as an initial means of resisting Western cultural influence on China.
In Chinese, the word for Christmas, shengdanjie, literally means “birthday of a saint or sage.” However, the first character of the word, sheng, historically referred to Confucius — the archetypal sage of ancient China — and only later came to be applied to the Christian saints. Some Confucianists now hope to rename Confucius’ birthday shengdanjie, and propose calling Christmas yedanjie, or “Jesus’ birthday.”
Perhaps the words of Mu Duosheng, an active anti-Christmas lobbyist and an advocate of Confucian revivalism, best capture the position of this group. In an interview in 2013, Mu is reported to have said: “As a Chinese person and a believer of Confucianism, I hold a very negative attitude toward the popularization of Western holidays in China. If a foreign holiday and its related culture grow too rampant in China, it will severely damage our country’s traditional cultural ecosystem and lead to the ‘Westernization’ of China.”
Mu didn’t stop there. A strongly Han-centric man with a Confucian fundamentalist bent, he claimed that over time, the religion and values of Western culture would turn Chinese people into “bananas”: Their skin might look “yellow” on the outside, but inside they would be as “white” as the “WASPs” — white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants — whose culture they apparently hoped to emulate.
Many Confucian extremists see their philosophical beliefs as a form of cultural purism. To them, any tolerance toward purportedly non-Chinese religions is tacit acceptance of spiritual and cultural pollution, one that is usually decried as “Westernization.” This attitude has historical roots: In the late Qing Dynasty, China was brought to its knees by Western colonialists and has only returned to the upper echelons of the world order during its recent 40-year rejuvenation.
Never mind that Qing rulers were historically Manchus, not Han, or that much of China’s economic revival can be attributed to emulating certain market-friendly Western institutions: For the extremists, cultural purity is a constant source of concern, and reviving their traditions inevitably precludes Western holidays and cultures.
The decline of many traditional Chinese holidays can actually be traced to the period following the country’s pivot toward reform and opening up in the late 1970s. As times change and China opens up to foreign and modern influences, traditional customs must adapt to evolving lifestyles. The transition is a struggle between past and present, not between East and West.
Christians aside, almost everyone else in China celebrates Christmas not because of religious beliefs or Christian values, but for the romance and joy of exchanging gifts with each other and enjoying a little revelry. In comparison, Chinese holidays are more austere. Though the likes of Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival involve a certain amount of merrymaking, they are heavily family-oriented, weighed down by constraints on interpersonal relationships between old and young and between close relatives and distant family. China’s traditional holidays are rarely an excuse to fully cut loose.
If Confucianists really want to ensure their traditional holidays live on, then they should creatively adapt them to younger people’s tastes. Currently, Confucius’ birthday is commemorated with a stuffy sacrificial ceremony, something that turns the younger generation off. Why can’t Confucianist organizations bring worshippers together at the community level and engage them in fun family activities that nonetheless give the original sage the sendoff he deserves?
The greatest threat to traditional Chinese holidays comes from the West only insomuch as we have embraced Western models of modernization. More specifically, our festivals are menaced by our own half-hearted effort at revamping them. Confucianists must reconstruct their cultural traditions by reforming outdated values, such as their propensity for strictly hierarchical, male-dominated, and age-restrictive social models that China’s younger and more individualistic generations see as an anathema to their personal values.
Even as they resist Christmas, extreme Confucianists continue to claim that they do not oppose “genuine” Christians celebrating the festival. But even such “conditional” boycotts are not open-minded enough. If Confucianists want others to respect their holidays, then they must stop denouncing “non-native” festivals and ensure that their own hold universal appeal. Excluding foreign cultures is never a viable way of passing on one’s own traditions; after all, one of China’s main religions came from India, and the country proudly exported Confucian social models to Korea and Japan. This should teach us that when our beliefs are persuasive and adaptive enough, converts will follow.
Translator: Katherine Tse; editors: Zhang Bo and Matthew Walsh.
Header image: Visitors attend a ceremony for celebrating the beginning of the Christmas season in Wuhan, Hubei province, Dec. 8, 2017. Cheng Ying/VCG)
